LOCATIONAL AND ORGANIC SOLVENT VARIATION IN ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF CRUDE EXTRACTS OF MARINE ALGAE FROM THE COAST OF IZMIR (TURKEY)

SSRN Electronic Journal

Algae are a group of organism that contain photosynthetic pigments but are not plants. They can appear in colonies that are very visible especially in the environment. They have been previously reported to have economical importance as a source of crude oil and as sources of food and a number of pharmaceutical and industrial products for humans. Several authors studied the antimicrobial activities of marine algae in different parts of the world. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and bioactive compounds of ethanol and n-hexane extracts of green algae from the environment on some microbial isolate. The Green algae was collected from the walls of the hostels and the active compounds were extracted using maceration in ethanol and nonpolar compounds were extracted using soxhlet extraction with n-hexane. The extracts were tested on certain microbial isolates which includes Escheichia coli, Salmonella sp, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus sp and Candida sp. From the results, on the E. coli, the highest activity of the extract was found at 400mg/ml. For the Bacillus sp, the highest activity of the extract was found at 50mg/ml with 9mm. The Salmonella sp inhibited at 50mg/ml. S.aureus, showed same mean zone of inhibition (MZI) for 400mg/ml, 200mg/ml and 100mg/ml at 1.50mm. Inhibition of the Candida sp was highest at 50mg/ml with 7.50mm. Compounds identified from the extracts includes Cyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyl-(22.71%), N-Methyl-1adamantaneacetamide (9.06%), Pentasiloxane, dodecamethyl-(2.03%), Cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl(4.37%), Caffeine (13.36%), Acridin-9-yl-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-amine (11.04%), Glycine, N-[4-[(trimethylsilyl)oxybenzoyl]-, methyl ester (1.49%). The result shows that the extracts showed antimicrobial properties on the isolates tested due to certain compounds identified.

2020

This study shows the antibacterial activity of three selected brown marine algae from Al-Shuqaiq province's red sea coast, Saudi Arabia. The three selected algal species were identified as Sargassum denticulatum, Sargassum filipendula, and Padina gymnospora and evaluated for their potential antibacterial bioactivity against 11 isolates of bacteria isolated from the wastewater collected from swage station of Khamis Mushait area. Three different algal extracts were prepared using methanol, ethanol, and diethyl ether. All algal extracts prepared with the diethyl ether were the most effective among all solvents used for the preparation of extracts in this study. The diethyl ether extract for S. denticulatum followed by S. filipendula were the most effective targeted marine algae against wastewater isolated bacteria. The S. denticulatum diethyl ether extract gave the highest inhibition zone diameter (33, 45, and 25 mm) bacterial isolates 5b, 12b, and 14b, respectively. Therefore, the bacterial isolates 5b, 12b, and 14b subjected to identification based on sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene. The phylogenetic analysis for the three isolates 5b, 12b, and 14b indicated that they are closely relative with Bacillus cereus, Bacillus amyloliquifaciens, and Chryseobacterium cucumeris, respectively. The major constituents of S. denticulatum diethy ether extract fraction were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1 H and 13 C-NMR) spectroscopy. A total of six fatty acid esters were recognized in S. denticulatum extract by the retention time and the fragmentation pattern data of GC/MS analysis. The identified fatty acid esters were, methyl 13-methyl pentadecanoate, methyl 9-(Z)-octadecenoate, methyl 15-methylheptadecanoate, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl 9-(Z)-octadecenoate, methyl 13-docosenoate, and 9-(Z)-octadecenyl hexadecanoate.

Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 2014

Marine algae are known to produce a wide variety of bioactive secondary metabolites and several compounds have been derived from them for prospective development of novel drugs by the pharmaceutical industries. However algae of the Red sea have not been adequately explored for their potential as a source of bioactive substances. In this context Ulva reticulata, Caulerpa occidentalis, Cladophora socialis, Dictyota ciliolata, and Gracilaria dendroides isolated from Red sea coastal waters of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, were evaluated for their potential for bioactivity. Extracts of the algae selected for the study were prepared using ethanol, chloroform, petroleum ether and water, and assayed for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25322, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Stapylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212. It was found that chloroform was most effective followed by ethanol, petroleum ether and water for the preparation of algal extract with significant antibacterial activities, respectively. Results also indicated that the extracts of red alga G. dendroides were more efficient against the tested bacterial strains followed by green alga U. reticulata, and brown algae D. ciliolata. Chemical analyses showed that G. dendroides recorded the highest percentages of the total fats and total proteins, followed by U. reticulata, and D. ciliolate. Among the bioflavonoids determined Rutin, Quercetin and Kaempherol were present in high percentages in G. dendroides, U. reticulata, and D. ciliolate. Estimation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids revealed that palmitic acid was

Baghdad Science Journal

In the current study, three types of algae namely Tetradesmus nygaardi (MZ801740), Scenedesmus quadricauda (MZ801741) and Coelastrella sp (MZ801742) were extracted by 95% ethanol and hexane against two types of gram positive and two types of gram negative bacteria by wells diffusion methods. Eleven concentrations from the extract of algae (2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 mg/ml) were utilized. It was noticed that ethanolic extraction was more effective than hexane in Scenedesmus quadricauda than the two other mentioned algal species against all pathogenic bacteria, Acintobacter baumanii (ATCC: 19606), Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC: 13883) Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC: 29212) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC: 14028). In addition to that, extraction of Tetradesmus nygaardi by hexane was more effective than ethanol against all studied pathogenic bacteria. Extract of Coelastrella sp by Ethanol showed weak effect against all pathogenic bacteria compared with the other types of alga...

Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 2019

Chlorophytes represent the largest group as eukaryotic photosynthetic green organisms. Most micro-and macro-green algae are potential sources for active compounds. Ulva sp, Enteromorpha sp, and Chlorella sorokiniana were isolated from the Mediterranean Sea, Port Said, Egypt. The phytochemical constituents (alkaloids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and anthraquinone) and the antimicrobial properties were investigated for all species` extracts. Cells were dried then grounded. The powdered biomass was soaked into different solvents (methanol and acetone). The antimicrobial activities of different fraction were done using the disc diffusion technique. Results indicated the presence of different active compounds, and the antimicrobial property in all species which increase the importance of them. The phytochemical screening of methanolic and acetonic extract revealed the presence of phytoconstituents including anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. The antimicrobial assessment confirmed the effect of C. sorokiniana extracts on the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Objective: This work aims at the screening of the antimicrobial activity of the seven brown marine algae of theCoast of Sidi Bouzid (El Jadida-Morocco). Methods: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of seven brown marine algae against three Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes). Three Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia) and two fungi (Aspergillus Niger and Candida tropicalis). Thus, 35 algal extracts were prepared with five organic solvents methanol/water, methanol, dichloromethane/methanol, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate. The antibacterial activity was evaluated through the disk diffusion method. Results: Data revealed that the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was the most sensitive pathogen by showing the highest zone of inhibitions of 20 mm with the lowest Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 2 μgmL⁻¹ methanol/water extract of Cy...

Indian Hydrobiology, 2023

Seaweeds are a diverse collection of aquatic organisms that contain significant quantities of essential phytochemical compounds that possess various biological effects. The objective of this investigation was to identify various bioactive substances and assess their antioxidant properties and antimicrobial effects in Gracilaria corticata. J. Ag., Padina tetrastromatica Hauck and Caulerpa peltata. Lamour. The procedure involved collecting the seaweed, washing it thoroughly with running water, air-drying it in the shade, and then extracting it using methanol. All three types of seaweeds underwent both qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses, which demonstrated the presence of phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and glycosides. However, terpenoids were absent in Gracilaria. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze the phytochemical components present in the seaweed. The antimicrobial effectiveness of the seaweed extracts against Enterococcus faecalis and Klebsiella pneumoniae was assessed using the disc diffusion technique. Neophytadiene, 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, Methyl palmitate, and Phytol were identified as shared components among the three types of seaweed based on the GC-MS analysis. The methanol extract obtained from Gracilaria corticata displayed greater antioxidant potential compared to other extracts tested. The most substantial zones of inhibition were observed against the gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus faecalis (22.33 ± 0.33) and the gram-negative bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae (20.00 ± 0.57).

Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 2014

Introduction: Intestinal bacteria are exposed many external influences, including drugs, causing the emergence of strains resistant to the effects of antibiotics. Consequently, the discovery of new antibiotics that affect resistant strains is required. Marine algae offer a source of renewable natural compounds with antimicrobial effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to detect some of these compounds and examine their impact on enteric bacteria. Methodology: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter aerogenes were tested with extracts of Turbinaria triquetra and Halimeda opuntia extracted with methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether, or dimethyl formamide solvents. We measured bacterial growth inhibition, the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs), and potassium leakage, and analyzed the bacterial cells with scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results: The T. triquetra extract produced with methanol strongly affected the bacteria tested. When the results for T. triquetra and H. opuntia were compared with those of omacillin, the T. triquetra and H. opuntia extracts in most solvents were more effective than the antibiotic. Differences in the bacterial growth inhibition and MICs depended on the type of alga and the solvent used. At the end of the incubation period, potassium leakage had increased by 62.98% for E. coli, 61.24% for S. typhi, 61.32% for S. dysenteriae, 64.02% for K. pneumoniae, and 63.10% for E. aerogenes when treated T. triquetra. Conclusion: Turbinaria triquetra extracted with methanol strongly affected the growth of the bacteria tested. Therefore, it is a potential source of natural antibacterial compounds.

Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2021

In this present study, extracts of two marine red algae (Asparagopsis taxiformis, Hypnea musciformis), harvested from Algerian West Coast (Oran), were investigated for their antimicrobial activity against Human pathogenic bacteria including antibiotic-resistant organisms and three fungi. Their antimicrobial activities from crude methanolic extracts were evaluated by using the paper disc agar diffusion method at different concentrations (0.5 to 2 mg/ml). Methanolic extract of A. taxiformis showed highest antibacterial activity compared to that of H. musciformis. This activity was dependent of the used concentration of methanolic extracts. Methanolic extract of A. taxiformis elicited remarkable antimicrobial activity against all Human pathogenic bacteria except Salmonella sp., Serratia sp. and P. aeruginosa. However, this extract showed moderate antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Penicellium sp. On the other hand, results obtained show that methanolic extract of H. musciformis exhibit a low activity-which was effective only at 0.2 and 1.5 mg/ml. However, for its antifungal activity, a potent activity against C. albicans, Aspergillus sp. and Penicellium sp. was recorded. The present finding confirms that marine algae can be further studied and used as a possible source of antimicrobial compounds in the medical field.

African Journal of Biotechnology, 2012

Six organic extracts prepared with different solvents (methanol, acetone, hexane, chloroform and dichloromethane-methanol) and aqueous extract of 27 species of marine algae belonging to the Chlorophyta and Phaeophyta were studied for antibacterial and antifungal activities against pathogenic microorganism: eight Gram-positive bacteria: Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus subtillus, Clostridium sporogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Streptococcus faecalis and Bacillus sp, two Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas sp and against fungi: Candida tropicalis and Cryptococcus neoformans. The best activity was observed in methanolic extract followed by acetonic extract and that prepared with methanol-dichloromethane. Of the 27 species tested, those belonging to Phaeophyceae were the most active in comparison with Chlorophyceae. The Gram-positive bacteria presented a sensibility superior to the Gram-negative and S. aureus ssp. aureus was the more sensitive